ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ - ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืช 2022

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ื“ืœืดืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื

ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ

ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื” ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื ื›ืก ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืงืจืืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื” - call, ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืงืจืืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ืžื›ืจ - put.
ื‘ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ - ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›"ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช" ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืžืก ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ืžืžืก ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืžืก ืฉื‘ื—:
ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื - "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”" ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.ย 
ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘.
ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ\ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืก ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” - ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.ย 
ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ 5% ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืื• ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืกื›ื - ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”.
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืชื•ืš 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชืŸ.
ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื. ย 
ย 

ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช

ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™, ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช.ย 
ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก.
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“.ย 
ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืืกืคื™ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” - ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.ย 
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื” ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช.

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.ย ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.ย 
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื ื›ืก - ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™.
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ, ืœื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืืฉืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืคื•ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.


ืืจื ื•ื ื”

ืืจื ื•ื ื”, ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ืื—ืจ, ืžืก ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืก ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืžืžืŸ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช (ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื). ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934.
ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืก ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขืžื”, ืืš ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื - ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ืก (ืœืคื™ ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™),ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘, ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืก (ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•').
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื ื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื” - ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›-5%. ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื“ื•-ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืชืฉืœื•ื.ย 
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื ืง, ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื• ืœื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1954 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืชืฉืœื•ื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ืชื” ื•ืžืื– ื’ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›"ืขืจื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื" (ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจื”.ย 
ื‘-1998 ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืก ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื—ืช
(30%-55%),ื‘"ืขืจื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื" ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืžื” ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืœื.ย 
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ืฉื™ืœืžื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉ"ื— ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื. ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืืจื ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืœืžืขื˜ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืืฉืคื”).


ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื”

ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืื ื ืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื ื.ย 
ืื– ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื”?
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื—ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืงื‘ืœื ื™ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.ย 
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื - ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืจืงื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืขื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ื“ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” - ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช (ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•'),ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืคื ื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.

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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ืกื” ื•ื ืชืคืก ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.ย 
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืขืฅ ืื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ.ย 
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ย ืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื”-ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื’ื’, ืžื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืœืชื•ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืื“ื.
ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื - ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช 50% ืžืฉื˜ื— ืจืฆืคื•ืชื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
ืื•ืชื 50% ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ืก ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.

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ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™

ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช - ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื, ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ื‘ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•. ืืกืคืงื˜ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื™ืฉื ื• "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ื, ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืื ื ืœืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืฃ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื. ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ืžืคื”.ย 
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ 257 ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ 53 ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›-980 ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆืคืœื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืžื ื›,ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื ืคืฉ ื—ืคืฆื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจืื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช - ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ

ื‘ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•. ืืกืคืงื˜ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื™ืฉื ื• "ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™" ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ื, ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืืš ืื ื ืœืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืฃ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื - ืืœื” ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ืจืฉ. ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ืžืคื”.ย 
ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืงื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืงืจืงืข ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• - ืงื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœืกืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืกืžืš.
ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื (ืชืฆ"ืจ) ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฉื ื›ื—ืœืงื”.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
ย ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช: ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืคืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย 
ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืคืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช (ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื ื™ืช) ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืช ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื (ืชืฆ"ืจ).
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื .ืฆ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ื’ื•ืฉ

ื’ื•ืฉ ืื• ื’ื•ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื•ื - ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. "ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ, ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ." ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืข"ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฉ, ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืค"ื™ (ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ).ย 
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2014, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›-28 ืืœืฃ ื’ื•ืฉื™ื. ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ืช. ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงืจืงืข ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื• ืžืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืฃ.ย 
ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ื. ื›ืฉื ืžื›ืจืช ื“ื™ืจื”, ื ืจืฉืช ื‘ื ืกื— ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ืืš ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืชืช ื”ื—ืœืงื” - ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช" ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก.
ืœืคื™ ื™ื•"ืจ ืœืฉื›ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, "ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื”. ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืชืš ื’ื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ".
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ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก

ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื”ื™ื–ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•"ื– ืฉืกื•ื›ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื• ืจื’ืœ - ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืœื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฆืขืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืง "ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืงืื™ - ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.ย 
ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžืคืงื— (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžืื™ื) ืฉื™ืคืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื•"ื— ืžืงื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื•ื›ืš ืขื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืžืื™ ืืช ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื“ื•"ื— ืืคืก, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง.
ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœื‘ื ืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื–ืžื™ื - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื“ื•"ื— ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.ย 
ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื–ื” ื”ื:
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ - ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื•ื›ื•'
ืคืจื˜ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื - ื’ื•ืฉ, ื—ืœืงื”, ืชืช ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื›ื•'
ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ - ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข - ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื• ื•ืืกืžื›ืชืื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืขืฆืžื”
ืžืฆื‘ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ - ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ื•'
ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืข - ืžืคืจื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™, ืชืžื”ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'
ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช - ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฆืžื“ื•ืช, ืกืงืจ ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•'
ย ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ - ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'

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ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ

ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื• (ืจืื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ).ย 
ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืคื ืื™, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืื• ื—ืœืงื™, ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืกื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื (ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืขืฆืžืื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”).ย 
ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ืœืงืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ื ื”, ืกืœื•ืŸ, ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืคื ืื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื“ืžื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื–ืงื”.ย 
ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื›ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.ย 
ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื’ื ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ, ืืš ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช - ืœืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ื.


ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ

ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื›ืก. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื ื›ืก ืฉืœื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื” - ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.
ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ื. ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื•, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืชื•.ย 
ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืืช ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืžืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื - ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ื”ืขืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื”

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช - ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•) ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ),ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืกืงื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืงื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื–ื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื”.ย 
ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื™ืข, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืก, ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืกื’ื™ืจืช ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงื” ืกื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื›ืก, ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื• ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜.ย 
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžืช ื”ืขืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืžื—ืงื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืžืจืฉื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขืกืงื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืขืจื”.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืขืกืงื” ื”ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ื”ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ืขืจืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ืกื•ืชืจืช.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ืกื•ืชืจืช.

ย 

ื”ืคืงืขื”

ื”ืคืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—, ืื• ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืกืคื™, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื•. ื”ื ื›ืก ื ืœืงื— ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™.ย 
ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืฉื ืœืงื— ื‘ื”ืคืงืขื” ย ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื›ื•'. ืขื ื”ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื’ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”\ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคืงืขื™.
ื”ื”ืคืงืขื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืžืจืืฉ.ย 
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืคืงืขื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข ืœืงืจืงืข. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื™ืขื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืงืขื” ืืš ืœื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืงื‘ ืจืžืช ืกื—ื™ืจื•ืชื” ืฉื”ืชื ืžื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื”ื”ืคืงืขื”.
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืกืขื“ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคืงืขื” ืื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.

ย 

ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืกืงืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ

ื˜ื•ืคืก 7002 ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœืžืก ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืกืงืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.
ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืกืงื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื”, ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื™ื’ืจื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื ืก. ื”ื—ืœย 
ืž-2017 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ. ืื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ\ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื•.
ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืขืกืงื”
ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื”
ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื”
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื— - ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื”
ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืก ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•
ื–ื›ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื ื—ื” ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืก

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืก, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืก ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืืฉืจืื™ ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื‘ื ืง.

ย 

ื”ืฆืžื“ื•ืช

ืคืขื•ืœืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื (ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœื™ื—"ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ). ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ื ืจืฉืžืช ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืชื™ืื•ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ื˜. ืกืขื™ืฃ 62(ื) ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.ย 
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื˜ื—\ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ" ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ - ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื. ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช - ื›ืžื• ื’ื’, ื’ื™ื ื”, ืžื—ืกืŸ ืื• ื—ื ื™ื” - ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืžืงืœื˜, ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' - ืฉืืกื•ืจ.
ืœืงืจืืช ืขืกืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืžื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืจืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•, ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืžื—ืกืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืฉื˜ื— ืงืจืงืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืกืขื™ืฃ 71ื‘(ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ืฆืžื“ืชื ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ (ืœืžื›ื•ืจ) ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช - ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.


ื”ืงืœื”

ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’ (ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ย ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช).ย 
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›"ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช":
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืก' ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื™ 2 ืžื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื 6 ืž' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืœื ืชื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื—ืงืœืื™ืช.
ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืœื”.
ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืœื”.
ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
ื”ื”ืงืœื” ืชืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ - 3 ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืชืง ืžืžื ื” ื™ืชืœื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”. ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืš 30 ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืืฉืจืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืœืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื.
ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื•ืช - ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™- ืฆื“ืง ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืชื ืื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืชื ื•\ืื• ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”) ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืจืื•ื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื - ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืืฉืจ ื”ืงืœื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ื›ื” ืจื‘.ย 
ื”ื”ืงืœื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”.


ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื”

ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืื“ื ืื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืื“ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ),ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•. ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•.ย 
ื”ื”ื ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช - ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.ย 
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช - ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื, ืื• ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.
ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• - ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” "ืžื›ื•ืจื— ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช" - ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื ืื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจ.ย 
ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื
ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”:
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื "ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ืขืฆื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืื• ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.ย 

ย 

ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช

ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื ื›ืก. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืžืคืจื˜, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช:
"ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื“ืง" - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื: ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
"ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" - ื™ืฉื ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก - ื‘ื–ืžืŸ "ืฉื ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืง". ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘"ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”" ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ื›ืก, ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืฉื ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืง ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื”, ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืœืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœืฉื ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™, ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื–ืง ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื’ืœ ืขื“ ืื–.

ย 

ื—ืœืงื”

ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืจืฉื•ื.
ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื ืก (Torrens) ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืื” ืืจืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.ย 
ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื. ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืœืชืช-ื—ืœืงื•ืช (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ). ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืจืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืช ื—ืœืงื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช) ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.ย 
ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื™ืฉื ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื›ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื•ื›ื•'. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขืœ 90% ืžื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย 
ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื - ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื•.ย 
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื ืกื— ื”ื˜ืื‘ื•?

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ื˜ืื‘ื•

"ื˜ืื‘ื•" ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืก ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื‘"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช" ืฉืœื• - ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื” ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืžื” ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•, ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” (ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช) ื•ืขื•ื“.
ืืช ื ืกื— ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื• ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฉืก ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืชืช ื”ื—ืœืงื”.ย 
ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืื‘ื•, ืื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.ย 
ื‘ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื—ื™ืคื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื ืฆืจืช, ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข). ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.ย 
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.
ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก - ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืœื ื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ.ย 
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื ืกื— ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

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ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข

ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื›ืก ืืช ืขืจื›ื•. ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืงื•ืžื, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช.
ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื ื›ืก ืื• ืœืืชืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืชื‘"ืข (ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ),ื”ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช - ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ืชื‘"ืข ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™.
ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ:
ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื - ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืžืฉืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ื•ื›ื•'.
ืชืขืกื•ืงื” - ืžืกื—ืจ, ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ืื—ืกื ื”, ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ื ื™ ื ืฉืง, ื’ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคื ืื™, ื“ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช - ืžืœื•ื ืื•ืช, ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื - ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื ื—ืœ, ืชืขืœื”, ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื, ื—ื•ืฃ ืจื—ืฆื”, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” - ืžืจื›ื– ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื ืžืœื™ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื›ื•'.


ืœื•ื— ืกื™ืœื•ืงื™ืŸ

ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื ืคืจืขืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื. ืœื•ื— ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืงื™ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืจืŸ (ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ) ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.ย 
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื•ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘.ย 
ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช:
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืื– ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•.ย 
ื™ืฉื ื 2 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื™ืœื•ืงื™ืŸ:
ืœื•ื— ืกื™ืœื•ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฆืจ: ื‘ืœื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ื•ืœืจื™ื‘ื™ืช - ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ.ย 
ืœื•ื— ืกื™ืœื•ืงื™ืŸ ืงืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”
ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื— ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืงืจืŸ ื•ื›ืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ื—ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ื— ืฉืคื™ืฆืจ, ืืš ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ืชืคื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืฉืœืžื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ืง.


ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืžืžืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.


ืžื•ืฉืืข

ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื—ื•ืง ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ืฉืœ 1858, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืก ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื”'). ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืืข, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช". ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื ื›ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืฉ ืื—ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” - ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืื—ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ (ื”ืžื•ื—'ืชืืจ) ื—ื™ืœืงื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ื›ืคืจ.ย 
ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืืข.ย 
ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ื–ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช - ืžืžืจืื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืจืงืข ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.ย 
ื‘ืžืฉืืข ืงืœืืกื™ (ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช) ืœื›ืœ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื) ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ื“ืžื™ืช ื›ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืช, ืืš ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืืžื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืœืื—ื™ื.


ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช

ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ / ืงืจืงืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื‘"ืข ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.


ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืจ

ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืจ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ืจ. ื”ื™ื–ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืจื•ื›ืฉ, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 7% ืžื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”.ย 
ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขืกืงื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื”.ย 
ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช "ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื ื ืžืกืจืช ืืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžืงืจื” 'ื‘ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ - ืขืงื‘ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจืžื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.ย 

ืคื™ืชื•ื—

ย ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” 2214 ืžื™ื•ื 12.8.2007, ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืžืงื“ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืคืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช, ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื™ื–ื / ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืช.
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”:
ื”ืขืชืงืช ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช - ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืงื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืขืฆื™ื ืœืขืงื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื•'.ย 
ืกืงืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ - ืกืงืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ย 
ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ - ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
ื ื™ืงื•ื– - ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš.
ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืฆืžื•:
ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื - ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช, ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื”, ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื›ื•'.
ืžื™ื - ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ, ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื: ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช, ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ื—ืฉืžืœ - ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื• ืจืืฉ ืฉื˜ื—, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืชืจ:
ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
ืžื™ื - ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืืชืจ ืื—ื“.
ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ - ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืืชืจ ืื—ื“.ย 
ืชื™ืขื•ืœ - ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.

ืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื

ืฆื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื™ื•ืš ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื”. ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืžืงื“ื ืืช ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื›ืจ\ ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืฃ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื ืจืฉื ื›ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ืงืก ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืชื™ ื—ืœืงื•ืช (ืคืจืฆืœืฆื™ื”),ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคืจื“. ื›ืœ ืชืช ื—ืœืงื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฉืœื”.ย 
ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•). ื”ืžืคืงื— ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืœื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฆื• ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื:
ื”ื’ืฉืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื• ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืžืช ืžืœืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ
ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก
ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช (ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช)
ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™
ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจื”
ืฆื• ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ
ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช


ืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืค"ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 180 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื•"ื‘ ื ื›ืœืœ: ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืงืฆืื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืชืืจื™ืš 8.1.1997 ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื™ืขื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™".
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช, ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆืืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืื—ื“.ย 
ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืกื“ื™ืช ืœืกืคืง ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.ย 
ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืงืœืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ืืžื ื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ.ย 
ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ - ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ, ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช, ืคืจื™ืกืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข

ืžื•ื ื— ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื: ืงื•ื˜ื’'ื™ื , ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 2-3 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—"ื“ ืคื™ืกืช ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื’ื™ื ื”. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ "ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช" ื•ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ืช ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ ื•\ืื• ื“ื• ืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.ย 
ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ ืงืจืงืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.ย 


ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” - ืขืกืงืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื

ืขืกืงืช ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” \ ืขืกืงืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืกืงืช ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื›ืก ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ - ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•').ย 
ืขืกืงื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืก, ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื’ื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืก ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืงืจืงืข.ย 
ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืก ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ - ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื•.ย 
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื•, ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืกืงืช ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅย 
ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช. ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.ย 

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ืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื–ืžื™

ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ื›ืกื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื ื›ืก ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขื•ื“, ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื–ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ื›ืก ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื—"ื“.ย 

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ืจื•ื•ื— ืงื‘ืœื ื™

ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช.

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ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ

ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืื• ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื. ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœืคืจื˜ ืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช, ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกื“, ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื”ืกืงื” ืื• ื”ืžื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 52 ืœื—ื•ืง.ย 
ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฆืžื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืืš ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœื•. ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื˜ื— ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื˜ื— ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืืœื ืื ื ืงื‘ืข ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ.
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ื—ืœืง ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื”, ื—ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.

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ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•

ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืกืš ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืš ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช / ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ืœืคื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื˜ื— ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ).
ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื“ื™ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืœืžืฉืœ ืืจื ื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื•, ืฆืจื›ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื•ื“.
ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืžืื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืื•ืžืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.

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ืฉื˜ื— ืžื‘ื•ื ื”, ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™

ืฉื˜ื— ืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคื•ืช, ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื.


ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคืชื•ื— (ืฉืฆ"ืค)

ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ - ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื’ื™ืฉื”, ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช, ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืžื•ื ื— "ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคืชื•ื—" ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื›ืฉื˜ื— ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื’ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื ื”ืฉื ื™ "ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื". ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื ื— ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืš ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืกืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ืฆื‘ืขืช ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’ืŸ, ื—ื•ืจืฉ, ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ื›ืจ, ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ.ย 
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฉืฆืค"ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ืž"ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”, 2 ืž"ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื•-3 ืž"ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช - ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 10 ืž"ืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.ย 


ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช

ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื‘ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืช ืื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืœื” ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื.
ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช (ืชื‘"ืข) ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.ย 
ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื:
ื—ื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช - ืžืงืœื˜, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืชื™ (ืžืž"ื“),ืงื•ืžืชื™ (ืžืž"ืง) ืื• ืžื•ืกื“ื™ (ืžืž"ืž)
ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
ื—ื ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื”.ย ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืกืงื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืืฉืคื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืคื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ืืจืงื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 1.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™: ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจื™, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 3 ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืฉื˜ื— ืขื™ืงืจื™.

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ืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ืจ

ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื ืคื™ืง ืจืฉื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื, ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื - ืคืจื˜ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื”, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ.

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ืฉื˜ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ืžืกืžืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”.ย 
ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื‘ื ืง ืจืฉืื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื, ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืกืคื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” - ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.ย 
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”\ื”ื ื›ืก ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.ย 
ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง.ย 
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื ื•ืกื— ืขื ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื, ืืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื.ย 
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืก ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœืงื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืก.
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ. ื”ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืืžืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ. ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื.
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.


ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’

ืกืขื™ืฃ 1 ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’. ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืก ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช - ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ (ืชื‘"ืข).ย 
ืžืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื 2 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’:
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”.
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›"ื—ื•ืจื’" ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืืกื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ืœ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื•. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื - ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ),ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ืื– ื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ื–ื\ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืžื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ - ืœื ื™ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” (ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™).
ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.


ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขื•ื“

ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข. ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื ืงืจื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.ย 
ืœืคื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 145 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืงืจืงืข, ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืจ (ืชื‘"ืข),ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”: ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืืจืฆื™ืช, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื•ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข - ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกืžืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืื—ืจ.
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื–ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืžื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘"ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื–ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื•ืš 60 ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื ืžืกืจืช ืœื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช - ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.ย ย 

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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื‘

ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ื˜ืจื™, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื–ื•ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืจืž"ื™ ืื• ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ื™ื–ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืžืจื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—.


ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ: ืชื‘"ืข

ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ, ืื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื‘"ืข, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื›ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืš ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›"ืชื›ื ื™ืช" ืื• "ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ". ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื‘"ืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 145 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.ย 
ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื•ืžืชืงื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืคืืจืง, ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•').
ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื - ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื’ืจืคื™, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืžื’ืจืฉื™ื, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'.ย 
ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ื‘ื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ย ื”ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”.
ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช (ืžื‘ื"ืช) ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช. ื ื•ื”ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืชืงื ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉื” ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.ย 
ืชื‘"ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื / ื™ื–ื ืœื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช, ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื•"ื‘, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.

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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืืจืฆื™ืช - ืชืž"ื

ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื” (ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”) ื•ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™ืช. ื›ื›ืœืœ - ื”ืชืž"ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ืช.ย 
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ืชืž"ื) ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย 
ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื:
ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืคืงืช ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื
ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ื• ืืกืคืงื” ืืจืฆื™ื™ื, ื ืžืœื™ื, ืขื•ืจืงื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื, ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ืื’ืžื™ ืื’ื™ืจื”, ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืฃ.
ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื - ืกื•ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื.ย 
ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจืจื›ื™ื” (ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช) ืจืง ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืž"ื ืžืกืคืงืช.ย 
ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืž"ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืชืž"ื ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœืงืช ืงืจืงืข ืกืฆืคื™ืคื™ืช ืœืžื’ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื”ืงืฆืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื™ื–ืžื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืข, ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.ย 


ืชื›ืกื™ืช

ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ - ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืค"ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื. ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”, ืื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื”, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช. ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ืžืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืชื›ืกื™ืช.ย 
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื•ื ื, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 150 ืž"ืจ, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘-60%, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื›ืกื™ืช ื™ืกืชื›ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘-30%. ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ืชื›ืกื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”", ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ. ย 
ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• (ื—ื ื™ื™ื”, ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื•').

ืชืฉืจื™ื˜

ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ื”ื•ื ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžืคืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ. ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื•ืช.ย 
ื”ืžืคื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžื‘ื"ืช (ืžื ื”ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช) ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
ืฆื”ื•ื‘: ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื' - ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'
ื™ืจื•ืง: ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคืชื•ื— (ืฉืฆ"ืค)
ืืคื•ืจ: ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™
ืื“ื•ื: ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ื“ืจืš
ื›ืชื•ื: ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื”
ื—ื•ื: ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช (ืชื‘"ืข).
ืœืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืชืงื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ืจืคื™. ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ).
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ืฉื˜ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™

ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ื˜ื• - ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ.
ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืงื•ืžืชื™, ื”ื—ืœืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื.
ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืชืงืŸ 975 ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืชืงืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืงืŸ 9 ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืชืฃ. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“.ย 


ืฉื˜ื— ื“ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื™

ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.ย 
ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืž"ืง ื•ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืชืงืŸ 975 ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื•ื“.

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ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœื ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคืืœื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื, ืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•'.ย 
ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช). ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
ืœืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืžื™ื, ืื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉื ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›"ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—" ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›-30%.
ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื™ 450 ืฉ"ื— ืœืž"ืจ. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืชื•.ย 

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ืื’ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—

ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืœืฉื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื“"ื› ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื–ื / ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืชื ืœืงืจืืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
ื™ืฉื ื 5 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— (ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—):
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืกืœื™ืœื” - ืžืžืžืŸ ืกืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ืœ - ืžืžืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ - ืžืžืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื ื™ืงื•ื– ื‘ื™ื•ื‘
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื ืจืช ืžื™ื - ื ื•ืขืŸ ืœืžืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื (ืฉืฆ"ืคื™ื) - ืžืžืžืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.ย 
ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•') ื”ื•ืกืžื›ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื™ืชื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื–ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื, ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช (ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืื• ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช),ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ื - ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืก, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆืžื“ืชื. ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื–ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืœื”.

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ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช:
ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ.
ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ
ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ - ืฉืœื“, ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— - ื”ืจื™ืกืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืคืจ.
ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืจื™ืกื˜.
ื—ืคื™ืจื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช - ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช
ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื“ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืž"ื“
ย ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืœืฉื“ ื”ื ื—ืช ืฆื ืจืช ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืงื”
ย ืื™ื˜ื•ื ืจืฆืคื•ืช, ืžืจืชืคื™ื, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืจื—ืฆื” ื•ื’ื’ื•ืช
ย ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืจืžื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื’ ืจืขืคื™ื
ย ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
ย ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื“, ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื—
ย ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื— ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ
ย ื”ืชืงื ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ
ย ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื
ย ื˜ื™ื— - ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื
ย ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
ย ื”ืชืงื ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื
ย ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื™ื
ย ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช - ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ
ย ื”ืชืงื ืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื
ย ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงื•ื
ย ื’ืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ (ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืกื“ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•')
ย ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— - ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ
ย ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ืคืก 4 ื•ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ
ืื›ืœื•ืก

ย 

ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืงืฆืจืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœืืชืจ. ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื” ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.ย 
ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉย ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ. ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืืชืจ, ืฉื ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื”ื:
ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื - ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช
ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื - ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืขื ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืคืชื—ื™ื (ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื“ืœืชื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ ืจืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืชืงืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ).
ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื - ืžืขืจื›ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชืื™ ื ืคื— ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ. ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืจืฆืคื•ืช, ืชืงืจื•ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”.


ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข

ืžืกืžืš ืฉืžื ืคื™ืงื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื: ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืก' ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื—"ื“, ืงื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคืงืขื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืช / ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”. ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืกืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืกืงืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก.

ย 

ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืค"ื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื‘"ืข. ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ 71ื‘ (ื) ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฆืžื— ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.ย 
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืฃ ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.ย 
ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืชื‘"ืข ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืชื™ืงื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืœืงื”. ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉ.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืž' ืฉืžื’ืจ, ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”" ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื” (ืฉื˜ื— ืจืฆืคื”),ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืชืฉื›"ื” 1965.ย 
ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื”, ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.ย 

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ื˜ื•ืคืก 4

ื˜ื•ืคืก 4 (ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืœื ื˜ื•ืคืก ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื›ืœื•ืก),ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช "ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช" (ืื›ืœื•ืก) ื ื›ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•, ืื• ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื˜ื•ืคืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื•ืคืก ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื›ืก ืื• ืœืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื•ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.ย 
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”. ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ืคืก 4 ื•ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืฃ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆื‘ ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืชืงื•ืœื•ืช.ย 
ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ืคืก ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ (ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”) ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ, ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื• ืœื“ืงื” ื”90 ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื.
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ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื”.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื - ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื“ื•ื“. ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื• ืกื›ื›ื•ืช. ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืงืจืงืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก - ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ืื• ืกืœืขื™ืช ืจื›ื” ื•ืจืฆื™ืคื”.ย 
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื - ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื˜ืจืคื–ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฆื“ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข. ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื’ื ืงื™ืจ ื ื•ืฉื.
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืคืกื•ื“ื” - ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื–ื• ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื•ืžืกื™ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจ
ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืจืงืข ื—ืจืกื™ืชื™ืช). ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื—.ย 
ืืช ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืงื“ื•ื—ื™ื (DRILLED PILES) โ€“ ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ.
ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— (DRIVEN PILES) - ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื, ืคืœื“ื” ืื• ืขืฅ. (ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืกืœืขื™ืช ืงืฉื”).
ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืจ (MICRO PILES) โ€“ ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 60 ืก"ืž.

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ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช

ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•\ืื• ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ย ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” (ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืขื“ ืœื’ืžืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜). ืžืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” - ืขื“ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ!
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ืข ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคื ืœื™ื.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจื˜ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ - ื”ื—ืœ ืžืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืจืกื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.

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ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืกืš ื›ืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื—ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืขื˜ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.

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ืขืœื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืœื™ื—"ื“

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™ ื‘ืชื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.

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ืงื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ืงื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื™ื ื™ืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ.


ืฉื ื•ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ - ืžืชื•ื•ื”

ืžื•ื ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขืฅ ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›- 10-20 ืก"ืž ืžืžืคืœืก ื”-0.00 ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื—ืžืช ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื• ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืชื™ื•. ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืขืฅ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” (ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืกืžืš),ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื” ืื• ื“ืคื™ืงืช ืžืกืžืจ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืขืฅ. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื ืš (ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœืงืฆื”ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืžืฉืงื•ืœืช) - ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.ย 
ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื•ืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.ย 
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ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืข"ื™ ื™ื–ื / ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
ืฉืœื‘ ื' - ืงื‘ืœืช ื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข
ืฉืœื‘ ื‘' - ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื / ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉื”.
ืฉืœื‘ ื’' - ย ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื: ืžืคื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืช, ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื•, ืžืงื“ืžื” ืข"ื— ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
ืฉืœื‘ ื“' - ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช, ื“ื ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช / ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”
ืฉืœื‘ ื”' - ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’"ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืžื“ื™"ื
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—'ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื“
ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื’ืจืฉ, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—' ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”
ื”ืขืจื‘ืช "ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช" ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœืฆื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ื•ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื’
ื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืฉื ื”ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืจืฉื•ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ
ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ื”ื›ื ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ืจื•ืช
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—' ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช
ืชืฉืœื•ื ืข"ื— ื”ื›ื ืช ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืืฉย 
ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ


ืชื™ืง ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืงืžืชื• ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชื™ืง ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.

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ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ

ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจืช, ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ื•ืขื“, ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืกืžืš ื–ื” ืžืืฉืจืช ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื‘. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืชืฉ"ืœ 1970, ืกืขื™ืฃ 21ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชื”ื ืจืื™ื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ".ย 
ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘(ืช"ื) 10589/02 ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ' ืขืžื ื•ืืœ:ย 
"ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ".
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชื ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืชืจ.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื ื›ืก ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.ย 

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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”:
ืžืคืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืžืคื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืช, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื—ืชื›ื™ื, ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช + ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ื ืกื— ื˜ืื‘ื•, ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืงื“ืžื” ืข"ื— ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.ย 


ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”

ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื•ื ืคืง ืข"ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื‘"ืข.
ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ืกื” ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.ย 
ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ื•ืืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ - ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืงื•ืคืœืช, ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ 20 ืก"ืž. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื’ืจืžื•ืฉืงื”" (ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช) ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื—ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” - ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืจืฉื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ.
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฉื ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื›ืก, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžืื–ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'.ย 
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžื‘ื ื”, ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืชืจืช.ย 
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืคื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืื• ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืชืจืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื” - ื‘ื—ืชืš ืงื•ืžืชื™.ย 
ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืฉืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 1:100.ย 
ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”.ย 

ย 

ื”ืกื›ื ืžืคืชื—

ื”ืกื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื“ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืคืชื— ืœื“ื™ื™ืจ. ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืงื‘ืœืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื

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ื”ืกื›ื ืคืื•ืฉืœื™

ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ - ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” Pauschale - ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื™ื“. ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืกืคืง ืชืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš" ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ื•.
ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืขืžื” - ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื ื›ืก ื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืžื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื. ื›ืš ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ื•ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืจื•ื•ื— ื ืื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช - ืคืชืื•ื ืฆืฆื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืชื ื•ื ืฆืคื” ืžืจืืฉ - ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”.

ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข

ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ื•. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืž"ื 38.ย 
ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืž"T 38 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื•"ื“ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื›ื ืกืคื— ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื–ื.ย 
ืกื›ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื’ื–ืจ ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื–ื”ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” "ื›ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืœืžืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื—ื“ืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืืชืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ืชืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืชื” ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื”ืกื“ืจื”. ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ\ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืื—ืจ. ย 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืคืขืœืชื”.ย 

ย 

ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืชย ย ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ
ืื ืฉื™ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื›ื. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืงย ืจืง ื ื“ืœ"ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืย ื•ืชื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”

'ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืื™ืœืช'- ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš!
ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืžื”:ย ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืš
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